El papel de enfermería en la guerra de Irán-Irak una revisión de alcance
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Durante el conflicto de Irán-Irak (1980-1988) la demanda asistencial requirió la movilización de un elevado número de profesionales sanitarios, entre los cuales destacó el papel de la enfermería. En aquella época, la enfermería comenzaba a desarrollarse como disciplina en el Próximo Oriente, siendo fundamental su papel en el cuidado de los heridos. Como objetivo se propuso determinar las funciones que realizaba enfermería para tratar a los heridos durante la guerra de Irán-Irak. Se realizó una revisión de alcance siguiendo las recomendaciones PRISMA-ScR, en las bases de datos Scopus, Pubmed, Cuiden Plus, Scielo y Dialnet con las ecuaciones de búsqueda “Iran Iraq war” AND “nurs*”, “Iran Iraq war wounds” AND “nurs*” y “Iran Iraq war wounds” AND “hospital*”, obteniendo un total de 15 artículos. Los resultados reflejaron la presencia de las funciones docente, gestora y asistencial en el conflicto bélico Irán-Irak, con sus especificaciones. La atención sanitaria fue organizada mediante tres niveles de atención claramente diferenciados. Enfermería tuvo un papel fundamental en el cuidado de los soldados heridos, siendo los casos más frecuentes, las afecciones por químicos (gas nervioso, gas mostaza y cianuro) y las heridas maxilofaciales, sin olvidar su rol en el ámbito docente y asistencial quirúrgico. Los hallazgos permitieron establecer un marco comparativo con otros conflictos bélicos, como por ejemplo la guerra de Bosnia, evidenciando la capacidad histórica de la enfermería para adaptarse y reorganizar la atención sanitaria en contextos bélicos extremos. Una situación que solicita fomentar la especialización de la enfermería extrahospitalaria y de urgencias, tanto para maximizar el rendimiento de los profesionales, como para garantizar la supervivencia de las personas afectadas.
Article Details
(c) 2025
Akhlaghi, Fahimeh; Aframian-Farnad, Fariborz. “Management of maxillofacial injuries in the Iran-Iraq War”. Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery: official journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 55, no. 9 (1997): 927-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0278-2391(97)90060-4
Amini, Hossein; Solaymani-Dodaran, Masoud; Ghanei, Mostafa; Abolghasemi, Jamileh; Salesi, Mahmoud; Vahedian Azimi, Amir; Farjami, Mohammad; Ghazale, Amir Hosein; Mousavi, Batool; Sahebkar, Amirhossein. “A 39 Year mortality study of survivors exposed to sulfur mustard agent: A survival analysis”. Heliyon 10 no. 2 (2024): e24535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24535
Andersson, Sten-Ove; Dahlgren, Lars Owe; Lundberg, Lars; Sjöström, Björn. “The criteria nurses use in assessing acute trauma in military emergency care”. Accident and emergency nursing 15, no. 3 (2007): 148-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aaen.2007.05.002
Bagaric, Ivan. “Medical services of Croat people in Bosnia and Herzegovina during 1992-1995 war: losses, adaptation, organization, and transformation”. Croatian medical journal 41, no. 2 (2000): 124-40.
Boyle, Joycen S. “Professional nursing in Iraq”. Journal of Nursing Scholarship 21, no.3 (1989): 168-171, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.1989.tb00125.x
Dolev, Eran. “History of Military Field Hospitals.” In Field Hospitals: A Comprehensive Guide to Preparation and Operation, edited by Elhanan Bar-On, Kobi Peleg, and Yitshak Kreiss, 1-11. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020.
Firouzkouhi, Mohammadreza; Zargham-Boroujeni, Ali; Abdollahimohammad, Abdolghani. “Thematic Analysis of Management Behaviors of Civilian Nurses in Iran-Iraq War 1980-1988: A Historical Research”. Iranian journal of nursing and midwifery research 23, no. 4 (2018): 267-71. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijnmr.IJNMR_111_17
Firouzkouhi, Mohammadreza; Zargham-Boroujeni, Ali; Kako, Mayumi; Abdollahimohammad, Abdolghani. “Experiences of civilian nurses in triage during the Iran-Iraq War: An oral history”. Chinese journal of traumatology 20, no. 5 (2017): 288-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjtee.2017.07.002
Firouzkouhi, Mohammadreza; Zargham-Boroujeni, Ali; Nouraei, Morteza; Yousefi, Hojatollah; Holmes, Colins A. “Nurses experiences in chemical emergency departments: Iran-Iraq war, 1980-1988”. International emergency Nursing 21, no. 2 (2013a): 123-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ienj.2012.03.002
Firouzkouhi, Mohammadreza; Zargham-Boroujeni, Ali; Nouraei, Morteza; Yousefi, Hojatollah; Holmes, Colins A. “The wartime experience of civilian nurses in Iran-Iraq war, 1980-1988: an historical research”. Contemporary nurse 44, no. 2 (2013b): 225-31.https://doi.org/10.5172/conu.2013.44.2.225
Garfield, Richard; McCarthy, Carey F. “Nursing and nursing education in Iraq: challenges and opportunities”. International Nursing Review 52, no.3 (2005): 180-185. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-7657.2005.00428.x
Graham, John, S; Schoneboom, Bruce, A. “Historical perspective on effects and treatment of sulfur mustard injuries”. Chemico-biological interactions 206, no. 3 (2013): 512-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2013.06.013
Heidarpour, Avaz; Jahani, Mohammad. R.; Dabbagh, Ali; Khatami, Massoud. S. “Surgical interventions at field hospitals during the Iran and Iraq War (1980-1987)”. Military medicine 164, no. 2 (1999): 136-37.
Lopez-Cortes, Oscar; Betancourt-Núñez, Alejandra; Bernal Orozco, María Fernanda; Vizmanos, Barbara. “Scoping reviews: una nueva forma de síntesis de la evidencia”. Investigación En Educación Médica 11, no. 44 (2022): 98-104. https://doi.org/10.22201/fm.20075057e.2022.44.22447
Mura, Pari; Mura, Aubin. “Cyclical evolution of nursing education and profession in Iran: religious, cultural, and political influences”. Journal of professional nursing: official journal of the American Association of Colleges of Nursing 11, no. 1 (1995): 58-64.https://doi.org/10.1016/s8755-7223(95)80074
Nasrabadi, Alireza Nikbakht; Emami, Azita; Yekta, Zohre Parsa. “Nursing experience in Iran”. International Journal of Nursing Practice 9, no. 2 (2003): 78-86, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1322-7114.2003.00404.x
Nasrabadi, Alireza Nikbakht; Lipson, Juliene G.; Emami, Azita. “Professional nursing in Iran: An overview of its historical and sociocultural framework”. Journal of Professional Nursing 20, no. 6 (2004): 396-402, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.profnurs.2004.08.004
Noorbala, Ahmad Ali. “The organization and management of medical services to injured soldiers across the country and in the battlefields during the Iran-Iraq war”. Archives of Iranian medicine 13 (2010): 367-69.
Peyrovi, Hamid; Parsa-Yekta, Zohreh; Vosoughi, Mohammad Bagher; Fathyian, Nasrollah; Ghadirian, Fataneh. “From margins to centre: an oral history of the wartime experience of Iranian nurses in the Iran-Iraq War, 1980-1988”. Contemporary nurse 50, no. 1 (2015): 14-25.https://doi.org/10.1080/10376178.2015.1010258
Tricco, Andrea C; Lillie, Erin; Zarin, Wasifa; et al. “PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation”, Annals of internal medicine 169, no. 7 (2018): 467-473. https://doi.org/10.7326/M18-0850
Raiesifar, Afsaneh; Firouzkouhi, Mohammadreza; Fooladi, Marjaneh; Parvizy, Soroor. “Sociopolitical development of the nursing profession in Iran: a historical review”. Journal of medical ethics and history of medicine 9 (2016): 13.
Sadda R. S. “Maxillofacial war injuries during the Iraq-Iran War: an analysis of 300 cases”. International journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery 32, no. 2 (2003): 209-14.https://doi.org/10.1054/ijom.2002.0285
Safarinejad, Mohammad Reza; Moosavi, S. A; Montazeri, B. Ocular injuries caused by mustard gas: diagnosis, treatment, and medical defense. Military medicine 166, no. 1 (2001): 67-70.
Tabari Khomeiran, Rasoul; Deans, Cecil. Nursing education in Iran: Past, present, and future. Nursing Education Today 27, no. 7 (2007): 708-714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2006.10.003