La pèrdua de paisatge en mosaic i d’eficiència metabòlica agrària a la Regió Metropolitana de Barcelona (1956-2009)
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Ramon Margalef va plantejar que els paisatges agraris en mosaic eren un bon instrument de conservació de la biodiversitat que s’estaven esvaint pels impactes de l’agricultura industrial i l’avenç de la urbanització, i ens convidava a estudiar-ho considerant els efectes de l’energia externa i les forma com es distribuïa al territori. En aquest article apliquem aquesta anàlisi als canvis d’usos del sòl agrari, la ramaderia i els boscos entre 1956 i 2009 als municipis de la Regió Metropolitana de Barcelona. Emprem els indicadors d’energia externa extreta, d’energia internament incorporada, i de complexitat, integració i circularitat dels agroecosistemes per entendre la pèrdua d’heterogeneïtat de cobertes del sòl i connectivitat ecològica del paisatge. El resultats corroboren la hipòtesi de Ramon Margalef, i de tota l’anàlisi se’n desprenen dues conclusions, una metodològica i l’altra política. La metodològica és que per copsar aquesta relació energia-paisatge cal emprar varis models complexos i integrats dels fluxos de matèria i energia moguts pel sistema agrari, i dels seus graus de circularitat en connectar els béns fons vius dels agroecosistemes entre ells, per relacionar-los amb indicadors de la diversitat i complexitat dels paisatges. La política és que per revertir la seva degradació cal una transició cap a nous territoris agroecològics integrats.
Article Details
Altieri, Miguel; Nicholls, Clara (2012). «Agroecology Scaling Up for Food Sovereignty and Resiliency», en: Lichtfouse, E. (ed.), Sustainable Agriculture Reviews, vol. 11. Cham: Springer, pàg. 1-29. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5449-2_1
Baró, Francesc; Palomo, Ignacio; Zulian, Grazia; Vizcaíno, Pilar; Haase, Dagmar; Gómez-Baggethun, Erik (2016). «Mapping ecosystem service capacity, flow and demand for landscape and urban planning: A case study in the Barcelona metropolitan region». Land Use Policy, 57:405-417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.06.006
Cardinale, Bradley J.; Duffy, J. Emmett; Gonzalez, Andrew; Hooper, David U.; Perrings, Charles; Venail, Patrick; Narwani, Anita; Mace, Georgina M.; Tilman, David; Wardle, David A.; Kinzig, Ann P.; Daily, Gretchen C.; Loreau, Michel; Grace, James B.; Larigauderie, Anne; Srivastava, Diane S.; Naeem, Shahid (2012). «Biodiversity loss and its impact on humanity». Nature, 486:56-67. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11148
Cattaneo, C.; Marull, J.; Tello, E. (2018). «Landscape Agroecology. The Dysfunctionalities of Industrial Agriculture and the Loss of the Circular Bioeconomy in the Barcelona Region, 1956-2009». Sustainability, 10:4722-4744. https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/10/12/4722
Cattaneo, Claudio; Tello, Enric; Marull, Joan (2019). «La pèrdua de sostenibilitat de l’agricultura industrial. El cas del Vallès (1956-2009)». Ponències Revista del Centre d’Estudis de Granollers, 23:91-115. https://www.raco.cat/index.php/Ponencies/issue/view/28305
Clark, Michael A.; Domingo, Nina G. G.; Colgan, Kimberly; Thakrar, Sumil K.; Tilman, David; Lynch, John; Azevedo, Inés L.; Hill, Jason D. (2020). «Global food system emissions could preclude achieving the 1.5° and 2 °C climate change targets». Science, 370 (6517):705-708. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/370/6517/705/tab-pdf
Depietri, Yaella; Kallis, Giorgos; Baró, Francesc; Cattaneo, Claudio (2016). «The urban political ecology of ecosystem services: The case of Barcelona». Ecological Economics, 125:83-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.03.003
European Commission (2014). Mapping and Assessment of Ecosystems and their Services. Indicators for ecosystem assessments under Action 5 of the EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2020 2nd Report – Final. Brussel·les: European Union Publication Office. https://doi.org/10.2779/75203
FAO (2018). Scaling Up Agroecology to Achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. Roma: FAO. http://www.fao.org/3/ca3666en/ca3666en.pdf
Font, Carme; Padró, Roc; Cattaneo, Claudio; Marull, Joan; Tello, Enric; Alabert, Aureli; Farré, Mercè (2020). «How farmers shape cultural landscapes. Dealing with information in farm systems (Vallès County, Catalonia, 1860)». Ecological Indicators, 112:106104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106104
Geertsema, Willemien; Rossing, Walter A. H.; Landis, Douglas A.; Bianchi, Felix J. J. A.; van Rijn, Paul C. J.; Schaminée, Joop H. J.; Tscharntke, Teja; van der Werf, Wopke (2016). «Actionable knowledge for ecological intensification of agriculture». Frontiers in Ecology and Environment, 14(4):209-216. https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.1258
Guzmán Casado, Gloria I.; González de Molina, Manuel (eds.) (2017). Energy in Agroecosystems. A Tool for Asssessing Sustainability. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Giampietro, Mario; Mayumi, Kozo, Sorman, Alegvul H. (2013). Energy analysis for a sustainable future: multiscale integrated analysis of societal and ecosystem metabolism. Oxon: Routledge.
Hercher-Pasteur, Jean; Loiseau, Eleonor, Sinfort, Carole; Hélias, Arnaud (2020). «Energetic assessment of the agricultural production system. A review». Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 40, 29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-020-00627-2
Ho, Mae-Wan; Ulanowicz, Robert (2005). «Sustainable systems as organisms?». Biosystems, 82(1):39-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystems.2005.05.009
Ho, Mae-Wan (2013). «Circular Thermodynamics of Organisms and Sustainable Systems». Systems, 1(3):30-49; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems1030030
Leach, Gerald (1976). Energy and Food Production. Gilford: IPC Science and Technology Press.
Loreau, Michel; Mouquet, Nicolas; Gonzalez, Andrew (2003). «Biodiversity as spatial insurance in heterogeneous landscapes». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 100(22):12765-12770. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2235465100
Marco, I.; Padró, R.; Cattaneo, C.; Caravaca, J.; Tello, E. (2018). «From vineyards to feedlots: A fund-flow scanning of sociometabolic transitions in the Vallès County (Catalonia, 1860-1956-1999)». Regional Environmental Change 18(4):981-993. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-017-1172-y
Margalef, Ramon (2006[1973]). «Ecological theory an prediction in the study of the interaction between man and the rest of the biosphere», en: Sicht, H. (ed.), Ökologie und Lebensschutz in internationaler Sicht. Friburg: Rombach, pàg. 307-353; reeditat i traduït al català i al castellà a Medi Ambient. Tecnologia i Cultura, 38:39-61, 82-94, 114-125.
Margalef, Ramon (1989). La ecología. Barcelona: Diputació de Barcelona.
Margalef, Ramon (1993). Teoría de los sistemas ecológicos, 2a edició. Barcelona: Publicacions de la Universitat de Barcelona.
Margalef, Ramon (2005). «Acelerada inversión en la topología de los sistemas epicontinentales humanizados», en: Naredo, José Manuel; Gutiérrez, José (eds.). La incidencia de la especie humana sobre la faz de la Tierra (1955-2005). Granada: Universidad de Granada /Fundación César Manrique, pàg. 217-222.
Marull, Joan; Pino, Joan; Tello, Enric; Cordobilla, María José (2010). «Social metabolism, landscape change and land-use planning in the Barcelona Metropolitan Region». Land Use Policy, 27:497-510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2009.07.004
Marull, Joan; Font, Carme; Padró, Roc; Tello, Enric; Panazzolo, Andrea (2016). «Energy-Landscape Integrated Analysis: A proposal for measuring complexity in internal agroecosystem processes (Barcelona Metropolitan Region, 1860-2000)». Ecological Indicators, 66:30-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.01.015
Marull, Joan; Herrando, Sergi; Brotons, Lluís; Melero, Yolanda; Pino, Joan; Cattaneo, Claudio; Pons, Manel; Llobet, Jordi; Tello, Enric (2019). «Building on Margalef: Testing the links between landscape structure, energy and information flows driven by farming and biodiversity». Science of The Total Environment, 674:603-614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.129
MEA (2005). Ecosystems and human well-being: Current state and trends. Washington DC: Island Press.
https://www.millenniumassessment.org/documents/document.356.aspx.pdf
Naredo, José Manuel; Campos, Pablo (1980). «Los balances energéticos de la agricultura espanyola». Agricultura y Sociedad, 15:17-113. https://digital.csic.es/handle/10261/20594
O’Neill, Daniel W.; Fanning, Andrew L., Lamb, William F.; Steinberger, Julia K. (2018). «A good life for all within planetary boundaries». Nature Sustainability, 1: 88-95.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0021-4
Padró, Roc; Marco, Inés; Cattaneo, Claudio; Caravaca, Jonathan; Tello, Enric (2017). «Does Your Landscape Mirror What You Eat? A Long-Term Socio-metabolic Analysis of a Local Food System in Vallès County (Spain, 1860–1956–1999)», en: Franˇková, E.; Haas, W.; Sing, Simron J. (eds.), Socio-metabolic Perspectives on the Sustainability of Local Food Systems. Insights for Science, Policy and Practice, Nova York: Springer, pàg. 133-164. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69236-4_5
Perfecto, Ivette; Vandermeer, John (2010). «The agroecological matrix as alternative to the landsparing agriculture intensification model. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 107(13):5786-5791. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0905455107
Pimentel, David; Hurd, L. E.; Bellotti, A. C.; Forster, M. J.; Oka, I. N.; Sholes, O. D.; Whitman, R. J. (1973). «Food Production and the Energy Crisis». Science, 182(4111):443-449.
DOI: 10.1126/science.182.4111.443
Potschin-Young, M.; Haines-Young, R.; Görg, C., Heink, U.; Jax, K.; Schleyer, C. (2018). «Understanding the role of conceptual frameworks: Reading the ecosystem service cascade». Ecosystem Services, 29:428-440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2017.05.015
Shea, Katriona; Roxburgh, Stephen H.; Rauschert, Emily S. J. (2004). «Moving from pattern to process: coexistence mechanisms under intermediate disturbance regimes». Ecology Letters, 7:491-508. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00600.x
Steffen, Will; Richardson, Katherine; Rockström, Johan; Cornell, Sarah E.; Fetzer, Ingo; Bennett, Elena M.; Biggs, Reinette; Carpenter, Stephen R.; de Vries, Wim; de Wit, Cynthia A.; Folke, Carl; Gerten, Dieter; Heinke, Jens; Mace, Georgina M.; Persson, Linn M.; Ramanathan, Veerabhadran; Reyers, Belinda i Sörlin, Sverker (2015). «Planetary boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing planet». Science, 347 (6223):1259855-1-10. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/347/6223/1259855
Tello, E.; Galán, E.; Sacristán, V.; Cunfer, G.; Guzmán, G. I.; González de Molina, M.; Krausmann, F.; Gingrich, S.; Padró, R.; Marco. I.; Moreno-Delgado, D. (2016). «Opening the black box of energy throughputs in farm systems: A decomposition analysis between the energy returns to external inputs, internal biomass reuses and total inputs consumed (the Valles County, Catalonia, c.1860 and 1999)». Ecological Economics, 121:160-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2015.11.012
Tello, Enric; Gonzàlez de Molina, Manuel (2017a).
«Methodological Challenges and General Criteria for
Assessing and Designing Local Sustainable Agri-Food
Systems: A Socio-Ecological Approach at Landscape
Level», en: Franˇková, E.; Haas, W.; Simron J. Singh, S.
J. (eds.), Socio-metabolic Perspectives on the Sustainability of Local Food Systems. Insights for Science,
Policy and Practice, Nova York: Springer, 27-68. https://
doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69236-4_2
Tello, Enric; Marco, Inés; Padró, Roc; Caravaca, Jonathan; Gómez, Laura; Cattaneo, Clausio; Marull, Joan;
Coll, Francesc; Garrabou, Ramon; Cussó, Xavier; Sacristán, Vera; Font, Carme; Galán del Castillo, Elena;
Olarieta, José Ramon (2017b). «Sinèrgies entre fluxos
d’energia i materials agraris, i l’estat ecològic del territori: l’exemple del Vallès (1860-1999», en: Cuadros
Vila, Ignasi; Fort Marrugat, Oriol (eds.), Recursos i territori. Perspectiva històrica i nous equilibris. Actes del
XX Congrés de la CCEPC (Manresa, 21 i 22 d’octubre
de 2016). Valls: Cossetània Edicions, pàg. 13-37.
Tscharntke, Teja; Tylianakis, Jason M.; Rand, Tatyana
A.; Didham, Raphael K.; Fahrig, Lenore; Batáry, Peter; Bengtsson, Janne; Clough, Yann; Crist, Thomas
O.; Dormann, Carsten F.; Ewers, Robert M.; Fründ,
Jochen; Holt, Robert D.; Holzschuh, Andrea; Klein, Alexandra M.; Kleijn, David; Kremen, Claire; Landis, Doug
A.; Laurance, William; Lindenmayer, David; Scherber,
Christoph; Sodhi, Navjot; Steffan-Dewenter, Ingolf; Thies, Carsten; van der Putten, Wim H.; Westphal, Catrin
(2012a). «Landscape moderation of biodiversity patterns and processes - eight hypotheses». Biological
Reviews, 87: 661-685. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-
185X.2011.00216.x
Tscharntke, Teja; Clough, Yann; Wanger, Thomas C.,
Jackson, Louise; Motzke, Iris; Perfecto, Ivette; Vandermeer, John; Whitbread, Anthony (2012b). Global
food security, biodiversity conservation and the future of agricultural intensification. Biological Consveration, 151: 53.59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.
2012.01.068
Vranken, Isabelle; Baudry, Jacques; Aubinet, Marc; Visser, Marjolein; Bogaert, Jan (2014). A review on the
use of entropy in landscape ecology: heterogeneity,
unpredictability, scale dependence and their links
with thermodynamics. Landscape Ecology, 30: 51-65.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-014-0105-0
Wezel, Alexander; Brives, H., Casagrande, M., Clément,
C.; Dufour, A. i Vandenbroucke, P. (2016). Agroecology
territories: places for sustainable agricultural and food
systems and biodiversity conservation. Agroecology
and Sustainable Food Systems, 40(2):132-144. http://
dx.doi.org/10.1080/21683565.2015.1115799